Saint Dominque And French Revolution - 1246 Words

However, when Napoleon Bonaparte attempted to reinstate slavery at the beginning of the 19th century, there was much objection specifically by Toussaint (de Breda) Louverture. Toussaint created a new constitution for Saint-Dominque without slavery and placed administrators in charge over the islands government, commerce, and legislation (Dubois/Garrigus,169). Napoleaon sent troops to Saint-Dominque, arrested Toussaint and deported him to France; however, this only furthered intensified the fighting. After much strife, Napoleon eventually gave up and the Haitian Declaration of Independence was created on January 1, 1804 and later a constitution in 1805 (Dubois/Garrigus,188). Both Saint-Dominque and French revolution played a part in each others revolution. Saint-Dominque is a refection of what is going on in France, because it is partially a revolution in France and against France. The French Revolution started as a debt crisis, turned in to a financial crisis, which spiraled in to political and social crises of the revolution. The French were already in debt and then decided to help the American Colonies in their revolt against the British which led to their debt crisis. The debt got so bad that King Louis XVI was on the verge of going bankrupt and was forced to call the Assembly of Notables in 1787. The Assembly of Notables did not work out because the king asks the Assembly to give up the majority of their privileges, but refused to offer a reason why. This secrecyShow MoreRelatedThe Haitian Revolution And The American Revolution1365 Words   |  6 PagesAtlantic World. In a time that can be called an era of revolution, the Atlantic World faced a multitude of uprisings. The American Revolution in 1765 would be the start of the age of revolutions, and would later inspire the revolutions of other countries across the Atlantic, such as the French Revolution in 1789, the Haitian Revolution in 1791, and later the Latin American Revolutions during the early nineteenth century. The events of these revolutions created shockwaves across the Atlantic that wouldRead MoreEnlightenment Was A Period Of Intellectual And Social Growth Around The Atlantic World1163 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopments such as the expansion of literacy and the decline of religious persecution began to threaten political order. Because of this, there were revolutions in many countries to try and make life better and equal with others. One instance of this is the Haitian Revolution. During the Haitian Revolution, slaves on the island of Saint Dominque rose up against their masters and rebelled for their freedom. They won, and created a government for themselves on the island. This is significant becauseRead MoreEffects Of The French Revolution On The World1907 Words   |  8 PagesCarolina Swindel Dr. Frost; MYP World History, Period 1 30 October 2015 The Effects of the French Revolution on the World After the American Revolutionary War the French were left with millions of dollars in debt because of their efforts to help the U.S defeat the British. Charles Alexandre de Calonne, the Controller-General of Finances in 1786 attempted to fix the money problem but his ideas on reform offended the French Parliament so much that Louis XVI was forced to dismiss him. The Controller-GeneralRead MoreHaiti And The Dominican Republic Essay1581 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst French settlers came to Hispaniola and established themselves on the island of Tortuga ( Ile de la Tortue) on the northwest coast, this is what is currently known as Haiti. These French settlers, known as buccaneers soon after their arrival, entered into trade with the spaniards on the mainland, but in 1605, the governor of the Hispaniola, encouraged the spaniards who were living on the western part of the island to move to the eastern part, in order to avoid any trade with the French. ContraryRead MoreHaiti: Persistent Deva station and Unreachable Stability Essay1860 Words   |  8 Pagesphysical conditions but also presents a detrimental obstacle to its economic standing. Founded by Christopher Columbus is 1492, the country of Haiti is infamous for its devastating poverty rates and overall political instability. Haiti, then known as Saint-Dominque, was once a land illuminated with slave-filled plantations where nearly 800,000 Africans recruited by Spain and France supplied a large production of sugar cane, cotton and coffee. In August of 1791, however, this profitable land experienced,

Victims and Perps of Cyber Crime †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Victims and Perps of Cyber Crime. Answer: Introduction: Almost similar crimes were discussed in the article published in the SC Magazine, which discussed the issues of malware, spam attacks, cyber-attacks and the like (Abel, 2017). Both of these articles highlighted that the factors which led to such unethical action or behaviour were predominantly financial reasons. The article published in The Guardian highlighted that in 2017 there had been high profiled cyber-attacks. The article also covered the statistics on the huge amount of customer records which had been stolen, which included bank account details (Pattenden, 2017). The article published in the SC Magazine provided a number of instances where different financial losses had been cause. For instance, the malware created by Mark Vartanyan had caused losses of $500 million in losses. This is because nearly eleven million computers were attacked and information was stolen through the malware, which included the personally identifiable information and the financial account credentials. Further, this article also highlighted another reason as committing treason for undertaking such cyber-attacks. There were also the factors of tarnishing the reputation and b reaching the privacy through use of malware (Abel, 2017). In order to overcome or prevent unethical actions which had been discussed in the previous segment, there is a need to take steps on both individual and statutory level. The statutory level involves bringing stringent norms, and bringing in such checks in place which could prevent such instances from taking place, owing to the high protections and penalty norms. More importantly, there is a need to bringing in individual level steps, by the companies and the people. The companies, for instance, need to bring out proper protection in their information technology. There is a need to curb the malwares coming in the organization, from external sources. A leading requirement is of controlling the entrance of such malwares through BYOD, i.e. bring your own device (Lord, 2017). Again, there is a need to educate the employees regarding the possible modes of cyber-attacks, particularly through spam emails and clicking on wrong links. Apart from the employees being educated, there is a need fo r the board to be educated on this and for the boards to identify such risks, in order to prevent the necessary plans required for avoiding such risks. So, by indulging in risk analysis and taking requisite steps, along with proper cyber training, such instances of cyber-attacks, resulting in financial losses can be avoided at individual and company levels (Belbey, 2017). E-commerce is the activity related to buying and selling online. There are basically six different types of e-commerce which include business to business, business to consumer, consumer to consumer, consumer to business, business to administration, consumer to administration (Strauss, 2016). In Malaysia, e-commerce is commonly used, particularly in the type of business to commerce. The biggest type of security issue which is faced by the e-commerce system, particularly in context of the fashion and apparel business and Information and Communication Technology in Malaysia, and in merchandise industry, and grocery and retail industry in UK, relates to the unauthorized access to the personal data of consumers, owing to the changes of security breaches or due to the absence of internal controls. The next issue is of risk of secondary use, where the personal data of the consumers can be used for unrelated purposes without taking their consent. Lastly, through cyber-attacks, the financial information of the clients can be misused causing great financial burden on the individuals (Ackerman Davis, 2003). All the aforementioned businesses/ industries have large customer base and they become prone to the issues highlighted here. As the customers of the aforementioned businesses and industries are at risk, such instances of cyber-attacks have to be controlled, if not eliminated. The first way whereby the instances of cybercrimes can be avoided is protecting the computers. There is a need to install antivirus programs on the computer systems, in order to avoid viruses breaking immunity of the computers, which makes the computers prone to the external attacks. These programs have to be kept latest to avoid as out-dated programs would not fulfil their desired purpose. There is also a need of installing firewalls in the server and the computer network. The operating systems on the computers also have to be kept updated as this is the place where the private and sensitive information is stored. The second mode of avoiding cyber-attacks is by preparing for an invasion. This requires proper risk assessment which could highlight the possible areas of attacks and could help in taking timely measures to avoid such atta cks from happening in reality. There is a need for installation of an efficient intrusion detection tool, which could give timely and swift updates regarding the system being breached. There is also the need of backing up the information regularly, as instances of data loss could be minimized by doing so, particularly when in the cases of Ransomware and invasion (Nwazor, 2017). A survey conducted recently highlighted that the students were more prone to cybercrimes in terms of both being the victims and the offenders (Goldman, 2008). There are different types of cybercrimes to which the students are vulnerable to. These include cyber bullying, child pornography, breach of privacy, defamation, nudity, There are also instances of teenagers being involved in instances of hacking, just to show that they can do this. Where the children go on the criminal path, they also indulge in instances of data theft, or spreading worms or virus in the public systems. There is rampant misuse of social media, like Facebook, where fake profiles are created by the students, as the children are not able to create profile when they are below 13 years of age, and yet this is done (Facebook, 2018). More than becoming the proponents of such cybercrimes, the students becomes the victims of such cybercrimes. Students are not aware of the predators lurking on the internet and indulge in friendships with predators having fake profiles. Through the level of trust which is generated by such predators, the children/ students leave their homes, without telling anyone and go to meet such predators, where they become the victim of sexual abuse. Predators use the means of sending gifts and other products to the young children to lure them. Then there are cases where the children use the credit card information of their parents to gain access to certain games or websites. As they are not aware of the authenticity of such websites or game, they put the financial data of their parents at risk. There are also the instances of cyber bullying, which include making fun of students online, or posting their embarrassing pictures or videos online (Ghosh Turrini, 2010). Cyber bullying took a whole new level with the Blue Whale challenge. Even though it was a game which did not exist physically, it was a game used to trap the students or young children, by sending specific invitation to the students. The situation was particularly grim because it involved students to put their lives at risk across the game, and to win the game, the student had to end their life. The other tasks included mutilating the skin. Where any task was refused by the child, the administrator would publish, release, share, or post some highly sensitive personal information of the child online. At least the children were led to believe this (Rossow, 2018). All this requires proper education of the young children, from very beginning of their school life, and their lives on internet to be aggressively monitored by parents and school administrations as well. There is a need to take these steps at the earliest, particularly in light of the recent events like the Blue Whale challenge. Some of the specific steps, in context of five cybercrimes, are stated below. Cyber Bullying: There is a need to educate the children from very young age, regarding the possibilities of cyber bullying. This involves steps to be taken by both parents and the school authorities, in educating the children about bullies lurking on the internet and in teaching them how these things can be avoided. There is also a need to educating about the means which have to be adopted where such instances take place, in terms of reporting them. Child Pornography: The children need to be taught about the correct manner of using internet. This is in context of not uploading any such content on the internet which involves nudity. Here again, the children education comes into play. There is also a need for parents to keep a vigilant eye on the internet use of the children. Breach of Privacy: The children, at their tender age, are not fully aware of privacy norms. There is a need to initiate programs at school level and at community level, where the children are educated about privacy and its significance, along with being made aware about the negative impact of breach of privacy, by making use of examples suiting their requirements. Defamation: Similar plans need to be adopted for defamation, where there is a need to make certain that the children does not indulge in defaming others. Harassment: There is a need to make the children aware about the steps which they can take, where they are faced with harassment online. They also need to be made aware of not indulging in such activities, as harassment is used commonly to further cyber bullying. Refrences Abel, R. (2017). 2017 Biggest Cybercrime Arrests. Retrieved from: https://www.scmagazine.com/2017-biggest-cybercrime-arrests/article/720094/ Ackerman, M. S., Davis Jr, D. T. (2003). Privacy and security issues in e-commerce.New economy handbook, 911-930. Belbey, J. (2017). How To Avoid Cyber Attacks: 5 Best Practices From SEC And FINRA. Retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/joannabelbey/2017/06/30/how-to-avoid-cyberattacks-5-best-practices-from-sec-and-finra/#2f747e761a16 Facebook. (2018). How do I report a child under the age of 13? Retrieved from: https://www.facebook.com/help/157793540954833 Ghosh, S., Turrini, E. (Eds.). (2010).Cybercrimes: a multidisciplinary analysis. New York: Springer Science Business Media. Goldman, D. (2008). Survey shows students as victims and perps of cyber crime. Retrieved from: https://www.mpnnow.com/x390614737/Survey-shows-students-as-victims-and-perps-of-cyber-crime Lord, N. (2017). BYOD Security: Expert Tips On Policy, Mitigating Risks, Preventing A Breach. Retrieved from: https://digitalguardian.com/blog/byod-security-expert-tips-policy-mitigating-risks-preventing-breach Nwazor, T. (2016). 5 Ways to Prevent Cyber Crimes From Derailing Your Business. Retrieved from: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/toby-nwazor/5-ways-to-prevent-cyber-c_b_12450518.html Omar, C.M.Z.C., Anas, T. (2014). E-commerce in Malaysia: Development, Implementation and Challenges. International Review of Management and Business Research, 3(1). Paris, D. L., Bahari, M., Iahad, N. A., Hashim, H., Ismail, W. (2017). Organization's perspective of managing B2C e-Commerce implementation: Lessons from fashion and apparel business in Malaysia. InResearch and Innovation in Information Systems (ICRIIS), 2017 International Conference on(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Pattenden, M. (2017). Lack of IT staff leaving companies exposed to hacker attacks. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/dec/25/lack-of-it-staff-leaving-companies-exposed-to-hacker-attacks Rossow, A. (2018). Cyberbullying Taken To A Whole New Level: Enter The 'Blue Whale Challenge'. Retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewrossow/2018/02/28/cyberbullying-taken-to-a-whole-new-level-enter-the-blue-whale-challenge/#75cd01502673 Strauss, J. (2016).E-marketing. Oxon: Routledge.

5 Sentences Repaired by Correct Use of Commas

5 Sentences Repaired by Correct Use of Commas 5 Sentences Repaired by Correct Use of Commas 5 Sentences Repaired by Correct Use of Commas By Mark Nichol 1. â€Å"Students write a third essay regarding the impact of geography on history and culture.† The implication of this sentence is that students produce three essays on the topic in question. But if the preceding text refers to differing topics for the first two essays, the sentence suffers from insufficient differentiation. This revision specifies that the third essay’s topic differs from those of the others: â€Å"Students write a third essay, this one regarding the impact of geography on history and culture.† 2. â€Å"Students participate in a workshop on learning to research effectively and refine their search with a professional researcher.† The relationship between the verb phrases in this sentence is unclear: Do students first participate in a workshop and then refine their research, or do they participate in a workshop about researching effectively, during which they also refine their search? Either way, the sentence, because of the ambiguity, is erroneously organized. If the former meaning is intended, the sentence should read, â€Å"Students participate in a workshop in which they first learn to research effectively and then refine their search with a professional researcher.† If the latter meaning is the correct interpretation, it should read, â€Å"Students participate in a workshop on learning to research effectively, and then refine their search with a professional researcher.† 3. â€Å"He invoked the dreaded comparison with Mary Smith, only Jones has been more successful in her sport than Smith.† Because of the paucity of punctuation in this sentence, the sentence could be read as containing a comma splice, an error in which a comma is incorrectly employed in place of a more substantial punctuation mark. But if a semicolon or a period separates the two clauses, and the second element (depending on which punctuation mark is used, an independent clause or a separate sentence) seems to imply that no one other than Jones has been more successful than Smith, a non sequitur results. It’s much more likely that only serves as a less formal synonym for however. However, just as when that word is used, the sentence still requires stronger punctuation to clarify its function: â€Å"He invoked the dreaded comparison with Mary Smith; only, Jones has been more successful in her sport than Smith.† The semicolon seems too formal for the casual only, though; a dash seems more appropriate. Either way, however, only must be set off from the following statement by a comma: â€Å"He invoked the dreaded comparison with Mary Smith only, Jones has been more successful in her sport than Smith.† 4. â€Å"She also uses a Geiger counter, which measures radiation; motion detectors; barometric-pressure monitors; and thermometers.† This sentence, containing four listed elements only one of which, the first, is modified is hampered by the notion that because of that extra phrase, the usual commas must be promoted to semicolons to bear the burden of supporting the sentence’s structure. When used with such short phrases, however, the semicolons seem overbearing. The simple insertion of the conjunction plus, which serves to provide more distance between sentence elements than the standard and, obviates the complicating semicolon solution: â€Å"She also uses a Geiger counter, which measures radiation, plus thermometers, motion detectors, and barometric pressure monitors.† (Notice that, for euphony, I’ve reordered the additional list items according to the number of syllables in each item.) 5. â€Å"The majority has upheld the act in whole, not by relying on an expansive reading of the commerce clause, but on Congress’s firmly rooted power to tax.† The initial proposition in this sentence, â€Å"The majority has upheld the act in whole not by relying on an expansive reading of the commerce clause . . .,† is a continuous thought, and there is no reason to include punctuation within it. But there’s a larger problem: The sentence is not parallel. Relying should be repositioned to serve both propositions (those beginning â€Å"not on† and â€Å"but on†), because the structure of the two phrases, in the original sentence respectively headed by â€Å"not by† and â€Å"but on,† is discordant. The solution, which (like â€Å"not only . . . but also† constructions), requires no internal punctuation: â€Å"The majority has upheld the act in whole by relying not on an expansive reading of the commerce clause but on Congress’s firmly rooted power to tax.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a US Business Letter44 Resume Writing TipsOne Scissor?

Essay on Rape of Nanking notes

Essay on Rape of Nanking notes Essay on Rape of Nanking notes Japanese troops wanted to get rid of Nanking entirely to break the spirit of Chinese resistance. During the time of the genocide, the United States took the articles written in magazines such as Times, Readers Digest and New York Times doubtfully. The stories smuggled out of Nanking came across as too unrealistic to believe. There were many different ways of extermination for this genocide. One example is when the Japanese troops lined up the Chinese people along the banks of the Yangtze River, tied up their hands, and then shot them from behind with machine guns. Victims were also decapitated so that soldiers could use the heads as souvenirs. Another extermination method was to soak the Chinese in gasoline and burn them to death. The Japanese troops sometimes went door to door and some rapes of the Chinese even occurred in the public day and often in front of family members or spouses, some were even gang raped. The Japanese would rape the women and even the little children, treating them like dogs. They would also hit them with Bayonets and during the process the Japanese would proceed to kill some of them. Chinese prisoners were moved to the outskirts of Nanking and they were assembled for killing. Once Chinese soldiers were removed as a threat Japanese soldiers started to turn violence on public, most of which being women. The polarization for this Genocide had to do with the initial order to invade the previous capital of China. This was Japan’s way of showing the difference in ethnic groups. China was given the idea that they were separated very quickly. The Rape of Nanking is proven fact. This massacre has been denied by Japanese officials in an article written by CNN. During the massacre there were over 300,000 deaths

Indonesia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Indonesia - Research Paper Example Indonesia carves its identity as a nation through hundreds of years first as a strategic trade point for Indian and Arab traders, then as a land annexed in conquest with European colonization. Social issues divide the population at many points, for example, the place of women in the labor market, feminized labor, women's rights and prostitution, suffrage, dress, religious observance and  politics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The demographics of Indonesia inform on the population's race, religion, languages, and ages. Indonesia is a country of diverse ethnicities. Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese and Minangkabau represent some examples of these races. Catholicism, Protestantism, Hinduism are some recognized religions in Indonesia. The official languages of Indonesia are Bahasa Indonesia  and Javanese. From the national census in 2009, Indonesia reported a population totaling 240.3 million. The life expectancy for men is 67 years and the life expectancy for women is 72 years (U.S. Departm ent of State).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although not an Islamic state, more than 85 percent of Indonesia profess the Muslim faith. Islam has established deep roots in Indonesia since the 5th century in which Indian traders transferred their beliefs to the Indonesian Natives. The mixture of traditional religion with Islam produced a syncretistic version of Islam such that Indonesian Muslims retain certain doctrines of animism. Although there were a few attempts to implement shariah law within the national constitution of Indonesia, Indonesia remains a democratic, liberal and secular state where adherents of different religions can freely practice religion according to their consciences. However, a few guerrilla extremist Islamic groups exist in Indonesia that continue to fight for a stricter Islamist state, so that constitutional laws would be subject to shariah law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The political history of Indonesia is wide and rife with conflict, conquest and colonialism. Be tween the 7th and 14th century A.D., the Indonesian island of Sumatra enjoyed the flourishing of a Buddhist-centered empire called Srivijaya. This kingdom spread far and wide to encompass a vast region including West Java and the Malay Peninsula. In the thirteenth century, the Mataram dynasty began as a small kingdom in central Java. The chronicles of Mataram indicate it was a pro-Islamic state which encouraged preservation of traditional animism.   The fourteenth century marked the introduction of another Hindu-based empire named Majapahit. Majapahit lasted about two centuries until the 1600s when the Dutch began a campaign of colonization. The broken kingdom and divided islands facilitated conquest. Soekarno/Sukarno ne Kusno Sosrodihardjo is the mastermind behind Pancasila. He emerged as Indonesia's first president after the declaration of independence and reigned as President until 1967. The end of WWII marked the end of colonialism for Indonesia since Japan occupied and gained control of government for three years between 1942-1945. After Sukarno renounced power, one of Sukarno's military generals, Suharto, rose to command presidential authority. Suharto is noted to have played a great role in the extensive bloodshed of 150,000-500,000 alleged communists in 1966. Contrary to his predecessor, Suharto's tenure ushered in a "New Order." He put in place new policies to further develop the infrastructure of Indonesia.   After successive re-election terms, President Suharto

Follow the attachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Follow the attachment - Essay Example It is about a court ruling in Europe that all social networks sites should install monitoring programs to avoid internet piracy. The article goes against the ruling saying that the step is wrong and illegal. The article was compiled by Don Reisinger. The other article is Car tech from the category of Reviews. It is composed by Cunnington Wayne. The article is, 2012 Honda CR: AN exercise in moderation (CNET.com). Wayne says that the car keeps many of its values intact making it a popular small SUV car. However, the car never takes the advantages of the existing new opportunities to make it better or improve its quality. With the existing earth dream initiative, Honda is developing other efficient engines compared to the current engines. The next article from reviews is about the new tablets and some coolest gadgets. The article title is: Incredible light, superfast laptops (CNET.com). It talks about a laptop which is ultraportable in nature. The laptops are of all pieces, as well as, operating systems. However, all of them are easily portable compared to other brands. The last article is from the Mac Software in the downloads category. The title of the article is; â€Å"With Mountain Lion, Apple brings iOS and OS X a big step closer† (CNET.com).The article is posted by Kent German. OS X also has ability to unify the experience of the user while adding new and unique security protection. Technology is very important to human life in several aspects. However, not all the existing technological tools are healthy or safe to human use. We do understand that these innovations are very crucial for human survival in different areas of life including hospitals, as well as various matriculation institutions. In the first case, the article talks of a machine that will make human work easier than before by aiding in the management of different electrical appliances. The article does not

Lecture by Cornelia Parker at the Bartlett January Essay Example for Free

Lecture by Cornelia Parker at the Bartlett January Essay Cornelia Parker is a London-based sculptor and installation artist. She was born during the year 1956 in Cheshire, England. She was raised on a Cheshire smallholding. Cornelia Parkers work is regarded internationally for its complex, darkly humorous, ironic style. Cornelia Parkers work is highly allusive and patterned with cultural references to cartoons, a style which she adapts to her need to capture things in the moment before they slip away and are lost beyond human perception. When examining her work holistically one can see the following themes driving her work forward consumerism, globalization, and the role of the mass media in contemporary life. Cornelia Parker was nominated for the Turner Prize in 1997 and featured in the 8th International Sharjah Biennial in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates in 2007. Cornelia Parker, sculptor and installation artist intensified her campaign against disused silver a few years later when she crushed hundreds of plated items with a steamroller. She has also flattened thousands of coins under the wheels of passing trains, plucked feathers from Sigmund Freud’s pillow and blown up garden sheds with plastic explosive. The results of these depredations have been hung in art galleries where they have received high praise from public and critics alike. Her collaboration with the actress Tilda Swinton, ‘The Maybe’ at the Serpentine Gallery, was the focus of excited national attention for its display of Swinton, surrounded by objects selected by Parker, sleeping throughout the day in a glass case. In November 1996 Parker mounted a solo show called ‘Avoided Object’ at Chapter Art Gallery in Cardiff. Word of mouth was infectious and the show attracted scouts from London. Avoided Object is the title of series of smaller works which have been developed in liaison with various institutions, including the Rayal Armouries and Madame Tussauds. These â€Å"avoided† objects have often had their identities transformed by being burned, shot, squashed, stretched, drawn, exploded, cut, or simply dropped off cliffs. Cartoon deaths have long held a fascination for Parker: ‘Tom being run over by a steamroller or Jerry riddled with bullet holes. Sometimes the objects demise has been orchestrated, or it may have occurred accidentally or by natural causes. They might be â€Å"preempted† objects that have not yet achieved a fully formed identity, having been plucked prematurely from the production line like Embryo Firearms 1995. They may not even be classified as objects: things like cracks, creases, shadows, dust or dirt The Negative of Whispers 1997: Earplugs made with fluff gathered in the Whispering Gallery, St Paul’s cathedral .Or they m ight be those territories you want to avoid psychologically, such as the backs, underbellies or tarnished surfaces of things.’ Cornelia Parker uses processes of destruction to transform found objects. She steamrolled, explodes, degrade and turn poisonous, and presents the remains of the object. She collects tarnish, dust, stains, and traces of the object as an archive may store the trace or residue of an event. How is memory attached to the object, does it become unstuck during the process? Does the object continue to embody its past in its morphed and rearranged construction? And how is this past still present, through the viewers’ projection of their readings, through clues given in the ‘found’ titles of the artwork? Of the collected silverware, all with different stories, Parker says she wanted to ‘give them one story’, by flattening them with a steamroller. Parker seems to also enjoy the unexpected stories when the reader projects something new onto the artwork or interesting things are discovered within the ‘blow up’. For example, she was asked by a curator at the Tate if the Pornographic prints were made by a human body, which is the curator reading into the Rorschach inkblots. Einstein’s formulae on a blackboard, when photographed under a microscope resemble ‘sea creatures’, Parker suggests nature under the mathematics. She also photographs under a microscope dust collected from Donald Judd’s work, and describes the emerging imagery as ‘Gothic’. Parker is talking art history in her East End flat, standing beside a humming slide projector. Her slightly stooped stance reminds us that tall women are politer than tall men. They succumb to the wearisome need to bend down towards their lesser interlocutors. As she speaks one realizes that her face is rarely in repose her delivery is rapid, nervously energized, its content a dense mixture of anecdote and analysis. The vigor of her commentary is directly reflected in her work, which proliferates in an apparently unbroken stream much like the awesome eruptions that inspire it. She is talking about her enchantment with the exploded view. â€Å"You could just about visualize what the original object was,† she explains, â€Å"but I started thinking how all the fragments might reform to make completely new objects with new uses.† These speculations eventually evolved into the ideas that have so fruitfully driven Parker to make art. In 1991 she took her preoccupation with the metaphysics of explosions to an extreme that marked a breakthrough in her work. Parker filled a garden shed with tools, a lawnmower, a bicycle, books and toys, all culled from the artist’s trove of orphaned objects that is the British car boot sale. The shed was installed and photographed in the Chisenhale Gallery in London’s East End, then dismantled and transported to the British Army School of Ammunition at Kineton. Lieutenant Colonel Joe Hastings and Major Dougie Hewitt applied sticks of pale marzipan explosive to the interior of the shed and blew it to pieces. For several hours squad dies and a delighted Parker combed the area, picking up every single shard and sliver, every shred of the shrapnel of the mower and the mangled mass of bent bike. A few days later an eerie and exquisite sculpture, ‘Cold Dark Matter: An Exploded View’, was unveiled in the stark concrete space of the Chisen-hale Gallery. Parker had painstakingly reassembled the shed and its shattered contents, suspending each tiny blasted scrap from a filament of wire and illuminating the whole with a single bare white bulb placed at the epicenter. The shed had been frozen in space a millisecond after its disintegration; only the bang is missing, rather like the cold, dark matter that astronomers say makes up the weight of the Universe. The business of finding new currency for old and familiar objects has led the indefatigable Parker down some exotic pathways. Her ‘Thirty Pieces of Silver’ also featured an act of great violence followed by a display of surpassing beauty. Turning again to the cornucopia of the car boot, the artist collected hundreds of old silver and silver-plated tea-pots, candle-sticks, toast-racks, salvers and the odd trombone. The tarnished tat, displaced from numberless mantelpieces, was laid out on the ground in a long, gently curving line and slowly crushed by a steamroller. After the grinding and clanking had subsided, Parker picked up the pieces. The YBAs [Young British Artists], supposedly typified by Damien Hirst, have become inseparable from the controversy staged around their work and Parker is frequently written about as if she were part of the gang. A distinction that generally escapes her commentators is that at the age of 41 she has, in fact, quite happily relinquished the ‘Y’ part of the sobriquet. She graduated from the Fine Arts course at Reading University in 1982 and has been steadily mounting exhibitions in the art capitals of the world ever since. Given that there’s no proper money in art unless you’re up there with Damien, Parker lives off a succession of commissions, awards and residencies, whilst renting a modest shared flat in Shoreditch. At the time of writing she was rather looking forward to seeing her newish partner, a Texan artist on the point of visiting London. The work that so impressed the Turner Prize selectors saw Parker working on a much smaller scale than that of her shed and steamroller period. ‘The Cardiff show,† she says, â€Å"had lots of little residues of objects that are all quite slight but together add up to something solid.† The ‘avoided objects’ speak of their role in a process which has made them seem redundant. â€Å"They’re about things that have lost their life or not yet got a life.† As an example, she cites ‘The Negative of Sound’, a framed assemblage of strands of black lacquer, the swarf discarded from the ‘master’ of a record first cut in Abbey Road Studios. â€Å"The idea of the negative of sound, for me, is fantastic. How can you listen to it? What does it sound like? What kind of instrument would you have to have to play them on?† Avoided objects can also be ex-objects. For ‘Exhaled Cocaine’ Parker persuaded Customs Excise to give her the ashes of seized, incinerated cocaine, presented by the artist as an end product ‘breathed out’ by a crucial process in its history. This poetic recycling of residue is also seen in a piece whose title would, quite wrongly, lead overheated British journalists to believe their usual suspicions were justified. ‘Pornographic Drawings’ is the fruit of another successful transaction with Customs Excise. â€Å"They’re Rorschach blots made from confiscated pornography. The video tape was chopped up into tiny pieces, to get rid of it, and they gave me a big bag full. I wanted to recreate images from things that had been taken out of circulation, so I made an ink out of it. Most of them did turn out to be quite pornographic, but if you think they are, that’s you projecting because they’re only accidental ink blots.† Parker’s attention is directed always at the ignored, undervalued and forgotten. She pushes quizzically at the surface of the everyday until its objects reveal their hidden histories. These stories reveal in turn that much of what we take for granted is immersed in the streams of memory and myth that carry meaning into our lives. Galleries are not the only site in which she has placed her provocations. Forests, railway stations and bell towers have been requisitioned, sometimes for purposes of display, sometimes as places of concealment that may be chanced upon by the unsuspecting. Despite the many forms it takes, Parker’s art has an impressive internal consistency. All her work stems from a wittily philosophical consideration of the processes that bring everyday objects into being. She feels that this preoccupation, in turn, was partly brought into being by a curious event that took place in1961. Even if, she did not win the Turner Prize, many of her Avoided Objects will be seen by the thousands who visit the Tate for the six week show featuring the work of all the nominees. In addition to the works described, visitors will see her embryo guns, the feather from Freud’s pillow, a magnified photo of the grooves of a record owned by Hitler and several other evidences of a refined and ingenious sensibility. Pressed to speculate on her prize-winning chances, the artist is characteristically modest. â€Å"Oh, it’ll just be great to be shown in the Tate† is the most she’ll say. Were Parker to pull it off, however, her power to realize some of her more ambitious projects would be considerably enhanced. NASA, for example, would be bound to send a meteorite back into space for her and she might, at long last, be able to persuade Stanley Kubrick to part with a sample of his navel fluff. A few weeks ago Parker was nominated for the prestigious Turner Prize. Reference ‘Avoided Object’ (2007), Lecture by Cornelia Parker at the Bartlett January. London. Source document